Macular Degeneration

FAQ
In the early stages of disease you may have no symptoms, which is why regular eye exams are crucial. If you notice changes to your vision, see a physician immediately.
Dry macular degeneration has three stages: early (when the macula is changing, but vision is not affected), intermediate (characterized by blurry vision), and late or advanced (when central vision is completely lost). Wet macular degeneration is always considered advanced.
There is no cure for AMD, but treatments can slow down the disease. Injected medications can slow the growth of abnormal blood vessels. And eating more antioxidants and omega-3s in addition to taking certain supplements is associated with better eye health and may help AMD from progressing.
People with AMD may have blurry vision, distorted central vision, a blind spot or see colors differently. But depending on how severe the disease is, not everyone with AMD will have noticeable symptoms.

Edmund Tsui, MD
Medical Reviewer
Edmund Tsui, MD, is an assistant professor of ophthalmology at the Jules Stein Eye Institute in the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.
He earned his medical degree from Dartmouth. He completed an ophthalmology residency at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine, where he was chief resident, followed by a fellowship in uveitis and ocular inflammatory disease at the Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology at the University of California in San Francisco.
Dr. Tsui is committed to advancing the field of ophthalmology. His research focuses on utilizing state-of-the-art ophthalmic imaging technology to improve the diagnosis and monitoring of uveitis. He is a co-investigator in several multicenter clinical trials investigating therapeutics for uveitis. He is the author of over 80 peer-reviewed publications and has given talks at national and international conferences.
Along with his clinical and research responsibilities, Tsui teaches medical students and residents. He is on the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology's professional development and education committee, as well as the advocacy and outreach committee, which seeks to increase funding and awareness of vision research. He also serves on the editorial board of Ophthalmology and the executive committee of the American Uveitis Society.

Lynn Grieger, RDN, CDCES
Medical Reviewer
Lynn Grieger is a registered dietitian-nutritionist, certified diabetes care and education specialist, certified personal trainer, and certified health and wellness coach. She completed requirements to become a registered dietitian at Valparaiso University in 1987 and completed a dietetic internship at Ingalls Memorial Hospital in Harvey, Illinois, in 1988.
Lynn brings her expertise in nutrition, exercise, and behavior change to her work in helping people reach their individual health and fitness goals. In addition to writing for Everyday Health, she has also written for websites and publications like Food and Health Communications, Today's Dietitian, iVillage.com, and Rodale Press. She has a passion for healthy, nutrient-dense, great-tasting food and for being outdoors as much as possible — she can often be found running or hiking, and has completed a marathon in every state.

Michael W. Stewart, MD
Medical Reviewer
Michael W. Stewart, MD, is professor and chairman of ophthalmology at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, and the Knights Templar Eye Foundation Professor of Ophthalmology Research. He graduated with honors in chemistry from Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and from the McGill University Faculty of Medicine in Montreal. He completed an internship in internal medicine at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami and an ophthalmology residency at Emory University in Atlanta. Dr. Stewart completed vitreoretinal fellowships at Touro Infirmary in New Orleans and at the University of California Davis.
His research interests include diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, and infectious retinitis. He has a particular interest in retinal pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and the mathematical modeling of ocular diseases and treatments.

Brittni Scruggs, MD, PhD
Medical Reviewer
Brittni Scruggs, MD, PhD, is an adult and pediatric vitreoretinal surgeon at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. In addition to her clinical practice, Dr. Scruggs teaches medical students, graduate students, residents, and fellows, and she participates in several clinical trials for inherited retinal diseases. As one of the principal investigators in the Mayo Retinal Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Scruggs focuses on the optimization of gene therapy and cell-based therapy for improved safety and efficacy in patients with retinal degeneration. She is a member of the Mayo Gene Therapy Working Group.

Ghazala O'Keefe, MD
Medical Reviewer
She is the lead editor of the EyeWiki uveitis section. She is a member of the executive committee of the American Uveitis Society and was inducted into the International Uveitis Study Group. She has served as the director of the Southeastern Vitreoretinal Seminar since 2019.

Daniel S. Casper, MD, PhD
Medical Reviewer
Before retiring from clinical practice in 2023, Dr. Casper practiced comprehensive medical ophthalmology at Columbia University Medical Center, specializing in diabetic eye disease.
He completed his ophthalmology training, including residency and fellowship, at Columbia and has been affiliated with the university in various capacities since 1986. Casper co-edited the books Orbital Disease: Imaging and Analysis and The Columbia Guide to Basic Elements of Eye Care, and was the senior editor and illustrator for both titles.
- Understanding Macular Degeneration. American Academy of Opthalmology. October 1, 2024.
- Macular Degeneration. Cleveland Clinic.
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