Eye & Vision Disorders

FAQ
Visit an eye doctor about dry, red, or painful eyes, blurred vision, or discomfort due to contact lenses or particles in the eye. Sudden vision loss, flashes, and floaters are also common eye symptoms that need a checkup.
The recommended frequency of eye exams varies depending on which eye conditions you have or are at higher risk of. However, exams every year or two are often recommended, especially after age 60. Ask your doctor what they recommend.
If an eyeball is too long, it may prevent light from focusing sharply on the retina. Instead, the light focuses in front of the retina, making distant objects appear blurry. This is known as nearsightedness.
One of the best ways to protect your eyes is through diet. This means eating plenty of foods that provide vitamin C, vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc. Various fruits, vegetables, legumes, and fish are good sources of these.
Cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration are common eye diseases during aging, as are dry eye syndrome, diabetic retinopathy, and farsightedness. Amblyopia (lazy eye) and strabismus (crossed eyes) are more common during childhood.

Edmund Tsui, MD
Medical Reviewer
Edmund Tsui, MD, is an assistant professor of ophthalmology at the Jules Stein Eye Institute in the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.
He earned his medical degree from Dartmouth. He completed an ophthalmology residency at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine, where he was chief resident, followed by a fellowship in uveitis and ocular inflammatory disease at the Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology at the University of California in San Francisco.
Dr. Tsui is committed to advancing the field of ophthalmology. His research focuses on utilizing state-of-the-art ophthalmic imaging technology to improve the diagnosis and monitoring of uveitis. He is a co-investigator in several multicenter clinical trials investigating therapeutics for uveitis. He is the author of over 80 peer-reviewed publications and has given talks at national and international conferences.
Along with his clinical and research responsibilities, Tsui teaches medical students and residents. He is on the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology's professional development and education committee, as well as the advocacy and outreach committee, which seeks to increase funding and awareness of vision research. He also serves on the editorial board of Ophthalmology and the executive committee of the American Uveitis Society.

Justin Laube, MD
Medical Reviewer
Justin Laube, MD, is a board-certified integrative and internal medicine physician, a teacher, and a consultant with extensive expertise in integrative health, medical education, and trauma healing.
He graduated with a bachelor's in biology from the University of Wisconsin and a medical degree from the University of Minnesota Medical School. During medical school, he completed a graduate certificate in integrative therapies and healing practices through the Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality & Healing. He completed his three-year residency training in internal medicine at the University of California in Los Angeles on the primary care track and a two-year fellowship in integrative East-West primary care at the UCLA Health Center for East-West Medicine.
He is currently taking a multiyear personal and professional sabbatical to explore the relationship between childhood trauma, disease, and the processes of healing. He is developing a clinical practice for patients with complex trauma, as well as for others going through significant life transitions. He is working on a book distilling the insights from his sabbatical, teaching, and leading retreats on trauma, integrative health, mindfulness, and well-being for health professionals, students, and the community.
Previously, Dr. Laube was an assistant clinical professor at the UCLA Health Center for East-West Medicine and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, where he provided primary care and integrative East-West medical consultations. As part of the faculty, he completed a medical education fellowship and received a certificate in innovation in curriculum design and evaluation. He was the fellowship director at the Center for East-West Medicine and led courses for physician fellows, residents, and medical students.

Michael W. Stewart, MD
Medical Reviewer
Michael W. Stewart, MD, is professor and chairman of ophthalmology at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, and the Knights Templar Eye Foundation Professor of Ophthalmology Research. He graduated with honors in chemistry from Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and from the McGill University Faculty of Medicine in Montreal. He completed an internship in internal medicine at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami and an ophthalmology residency at Emory University in Atlanta. Dr. Stewart completed vitreoretinal fellowships at Touro Infirmary in New Orleans and at the University of California Davis.
His research interests include diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, and infectious retinitis. He has a particular interest in retinal pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and the mathematical modeling of ocular diseases and treatments.

Laura J. Martin, MD, MPH
Medical Reviewer
Laura J. Martin, MD, MPH, is a board-certified internal medicine and palliative care physician practicing at City of Hope in Atlanta.
She received a bachelor's degree in biology and a master's of public health in nutrition from Tulane University. She received her medical degree from the Louisiana State University School of Medicine and completed her residency in internal medicine at Emory University School of Medicine.
Dr. Martin previously worked as a medical editor for WebMD and received a Sigma Delta Chi award for online reporting in 2010 and 2011. She is a co-editor of the Ambulatory Medicine Case Book. She is a member of the American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, and American Society of Clinical Oncology.
She is married with two adult daughters, a dog, and two cats. She enjoys hiking and playing classical and jazz piano.

Ghazala O'Keefe, MD
Medical Reviewer
She is the lead editor of the EyeWiki uveitis section. She is a member of the executive committee of the American Uveitis Society and was inducted into the International Uveitis Study Group. She has served as the director of the Southeastern Vitreoretinal Seminar since 2019.

Daniel S. Casper, MD, PhD
Medical Reviewer
Before retiring from clinical practice in 2023, Dr. Casper practiced comprehensive medical ophthalmology at Columbia University Medical Center, specializing in diabetic eye disease.
He completed his ophthalmology training, including residency and fellowship, at Columbia and has been affiliated with the university in various capacities since 1986. Casper co-edited the books Orbital Disease: Imaging and Analysis and The Columbia Guide to Basic Elements of Eye Care, and was the senior editor and illustrator for both titles.
- About Common Eye Disorders and Diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 15, 2024.
- Keep Your Eyes Healthy. National Eye Institute. November 26, 2024.
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