Diabetic Macular Edema

FAQ
Early signs you may have diabetic macular edema include blurred vision, colors appearing faded or dull, and distorted vision where objects look wavy or appear to be different sizes if you look with one eye followed by the other.
Diabetic macular edema is diagnosed through an eye exam, visual field test, and imaging tests, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography, which allow physicians to view the inside of your eye.
If left untreated, diabetic macular edema can lead to severe vision loss and blindness.
You're at a higher risk of diabetic macular edema if you have long-standing diabetes, poor blood sugar control, and high blood pressure. Smoking also increases the risk.
People with diabetes should have an eye exam annually at a minimum — or more frequently as advised by an eye doctor.

Edmund Tsui, MD
Medical Reviewer
Edmund Tsui, MD, is an assistant professor of ophthalmology at the Jules Stein Eye Institute in the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.
He earned his medical degree from Dartmouth. He completed an ophthalmology residency at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine, where he was chief resident, followed by a fellowship in uveitis and ocular inflammatory disease at the Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology at the University of California in San Francisco.
Dr. Tsui is committed to advancing the field of ophthalmology. His research focuses on utilizing state-of-the-art ophthalmic imaging technology to improve the diagnosis and monitoring of uveitis. He is a co-investigator in several multicenter clinical trials investigating therapeutics for uveitis. He is the author of over 80 peer-reviewed publications and has given talks at national and international conferences.
Along with his clinical and research responsibilities, Tsui teaches medical students and residents. He is on the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology's professional development and education committee, as well as the advocacy and outreach committee, which seeks to increase funding and awareness of vision research. He also serves on the editorial board of Ophthalmology and the executive committee of the American Uveitis Society.

Kacy Church, MD
Medical Reviewer
Dr. Church always knew that she wanted to pursue endocrinology because the specialty allows for healthy change through patient empowerment. She completed her fellowship in endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism in 2017 at Stanford University in California.
She loves running, dancing, and watching her sons play sports.

Michael W. Stewart, MD
Medical Reviewer
Michael W. Stewart, MD, is professor and chairman of ophthalmology at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, and the Knights Templar Eye Foundation Professor of Ophthalmology Research. He graduated with honors in chemistry from Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and from the McGill University Faculty of Medicine in Montreal. He completed an internship in internal medicine at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami and an ophthalmology residency at Emory University in Atlanta. Dr. Stewart completed vitreoretinal fellowships at Touro Infirmary in New Orleans and at the University of California Davis.
His research interests include diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, and infectious retinitis. He has a particular interest in retinal pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and the mathematical modeling of ocular diseases and treatments.

Ghazala O'Keefe, MD
Medical Reviewer
She is the lead editor of the EyeWiki uveitis section. She is a member of the executive committee of the American Uveitis Society and was inducted into the International Uveitis Study Group. She has served as the director of the Southeastern Vitreoretinal Seminar since 2019.

Daniel S. Casper, MD, PhD
Medical Reviewer
Before retiring from clinical practice in 2023, Dr. Casper practiced comprehensive medical ophthalmology at Columbia University Medical Center, specializing in diabetic eye disease.
He completed his ophthalmology training, including residency and fellowship, at Columbia and has been affiliated with the university in various capacities since 1986. Casper co-edited the books Orbital Disease: Imaging and Analysis and The Columbia Guide to Basic Elements of Eye Care, and was the senior editor and illustrator for both titles.

Angela D. Harper, MD
Medical Reviewer
Angela D. Harper, MD, is in private practice at Columbia Psychiatric Associates in South Carolina, where she provides evaluations, medication management, and psychotherapy for adults.
A distinguished fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, Dr. Harper has worked as a psychiatrist throughout her career, serving a large number of patients in various settings, including a psychiatric hospital on the inpatient psychiatric and addiction units, a community mental health center, and a 350-bed nursing home and rehab facility. She has provided legal case consultation for a number of attorneys.
Harper graduated magna cum laude from Furman University with a bachelor's degree and cum laude from the University of South Carolina School of Medicine, where she also completed her residency in adult psychiatry. During residency, she won numerous awards, including the Laughlin Fellowship from the American College of Psychiatrists, the Ginsberg Fellowship from the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training, and resident of the year and resident medical student teacher of the year. She was also the member-in-training trustee to the American Psychiatric Association board of trustees during her last two years of residency training.
Harper volunteered for a five-year term on her medical school's admission committee, has given numerous presentations, and has taught medical students and residents. She currently supervises a nurse practitioner. She is passionate about volunteering for the state medical board's medical disciplinary commission, on which she has served since 2015.
She and her husband are avid travelers and have been to over 55 countries and territories.
- Diabetes-Related Macular Edema. Cleveland Clinic. February 14, 2023.
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