A new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows a dramatic decline in cervical cancer cases since the introduction of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
The study found that from 2008 to 2022, rates of precancerous cervical lesions decreased by about 80 percent in women ages 20 to 24 who were screened for cervical cancer. This is the age group most likely to have received the HPV vaccine, which was first recommended in the United States in 2006 for preteen girls and boys, according to the authors.
The vaccine has been called “dangerous” by Health and Human Services secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr, who until recently had received fees from lawsuits against Merck, the maker of the vaccine.
The HPV vaccine has “100 percent” translated into fewer cases of cervical cancer, says Elena Ratner, MD, a professor of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive sciences and the co-chief of gynecologic oncology at Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut.
“I've been practicing medicine for about 25 years, and I can tell you, even in that short period of time, the paradigm of cervical cancer has changed dramatically — we see way less of it. We're now hitting the benefit of those first generations of adolescents getting vaccinated,” says Dr. Ratner, who wasn’t involved in the study.
Reduction in Cervical Cancer Seen in Vaccinated Preteens and ‘Catch-Up’ Vaccinations
To analyze how the incidence of cervical cancer has changed since the introduction of the HPV vaccine, investigators tracked cervical precancers (CIN2+ and CIN3+) in five U.S. areas from 2008 to 2022 through a program called HPV-IMPACT.
Researchers gathered census data on all women between ages 20 and 64 living in these areas, and monitored the labs where tissue samples are sent to identify confirmed cases of cervical precancers.
To understand how many women were screened for these conditions, they estimated how many women had Pap tests or HPV tests each year, factoring in different types of insurance such as private, public, and uninsured.
While the largest drop happened in younger women, the HPV vaccine also positively affected older women.
Among women ages 25 to 29 years, there was a 37 percent reduction in higher-grade precancers (CIN3+) — also notable because rates of precancer were on the rise in this group until 2015. This age group includes women who were vaccinated as part of catch-up vaccination programs (recommended for young adults who didn’t get the vaccine as kids), the authors said.
The findings in younger and older women support the current guidelines on HPV vaccination, the authors concluded.
Is the HPV Vaccine Safe?
Rigorous scientific research suggests that not only is the HPV vaccine effective, but it is very safe as well. The ingredients in the HPV vaccine occur naturally in the environment, the human body, and foods.
The HPV vaccine does contain aluminum (as do the hepatitis B and Tdap vaccines); this metal improves the immune response to the vaccine. People are exposed to aluminum every day through food, cooking utensils, water, and even breast milk, and vaccines with an aluminum component have been administered to billions of people without adverse effects. Studies with millions of participants from around the world have demonstrated the safety of the HPV vaccine.
“In my experience, and both in my clinical experience and all the evidence-based medicine that I'm aware of, I have not seen any toxicity to the vaccine. I have not seen any long-term side effects or morbidity from the vaccine,” says Ratner.
Who Should Get the HPV Vaccine?
The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine protects against genital warts, most cases of cervical cancer, and other cancers caused by HPV, including of the vagina and vulva. Men can also get cancer of the throat, tonsils, back of tongue, penis, and anus from HPV.
HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that spreads through skin-to-skin contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex.
Here are some of the groups that may benefit from vaccination against HPV.
Boys and Girls Ages 9 to 12
The CDC recommends the HPV vaccine for both boys and girls starting at ages 11 or 12, though it can be given as early as age 9. The vaccine is most effective when given before any exposure to HPV, which typically happens before individuals begin sexual activity.
Men
The vaccine has significant benefits for men to prevent oropharyngeal cancer, which is cancer of the throat, tonsils, and back of tongue. That’s especially important because there is no screening for that type of cancer.
It’s almost 100 percent effective in preventing external genital warts.
Certain Young Adults
The vaccine is recommended for young adults who did not receive the vaccine during childhood.
Teens and young adults up through age 26 who haven’t yet received the HPV vaccine or haven’t finished the series should get it. This includes people who may have already been sexually active or have had some exposure to HPV. The vaccine can still provide protection against strains of the virus they haven’t encountered.
People ages 27 to 45 should discuss their risks with their healthcare team to decide if they should get the HPV vaccine.
When Should I Get an HPV Vaccine — and Who Should Avoid Them?
“The best time or the best way for the vaccine to be most efficient is when somebody gets a vaccine before they get exposed to the HPV virus,” says Ratner.
But the vaccine is beneficial even after you’ve been exposed, she explains.
“The vaccine can still help you fight the HPV strains that you don't yet have. The HPV vaccine is effective against nine different HPV strains,” she says.
That means it could be appropriate for some people in their early forties, she says. “For example, someone gets divorced and now has new partners. It's recommended for them to get their HPV vaccine because now they're going to be exposed to new HPV strains,” says Ratner.
There are some people who shouldn’t get the vaccine — for example, pregnant women or people who are allergic to an ingredient in the vaccine. Talk with your doctor to find out if you are eligible.
Bottom Line: The HPV Vaccine Has Been a Game Changer in Preventing Cervical Cancer
“As an oncologist, someone who takes care of women with cervical cancer and who has been taking care of women with cervical cancer for decades, I can tell you that this vaccine changed the face of cervical cancer. This vaccine has saved women from getting cancer and then dying from this cancer,” says Ratner.
EDITORIAL SOURCES
Everyday Health follows strict sourcing guidelines to ensure the accuracy of its content, outlined in our editorial policy. We use only trustworthy sources, including peer-reviewed studies, board-certified medical experts, patients with lived experience, and information from top institutions.
Resources
Gargano JW et al. Trends in Cervical Precancers Identified Through Population-Based Surveillance — Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project, Five Sites, United States, 2008–2022. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. February 27, 2025.
CDC Report Adds to Evidence That HPV Vaccine Is Preventing Cervical Cancer in US Women. Associated Press. February 27, 2025.
RFK Jr. Says He’ll Stop Collecting Fees from HPV Vaccine Lawsuit, But Other Ethics Questions Remain. Associated Press. January 31, 2025.
Emily Kay Votruba has copyedited and fact-checked for national magazines, websites, and books since 1997, including Self, GQ, Gourmet, Golf Magazine,Outside, Cornell University Press, Penguin Random House, and Harper's Magazine. Her projects have included cookbooks (Padma Lakshmi's Tangy Tart Hot & Sweet), self-help and advice titles (Mika Brzezinski's Know Your Value: Women, Money, and Getting What You're Worth), memoirs (Larry King's My Remarkable Journey), and science (Now You See It: How the Brain Science of Attention Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Learn, by Cathy Davidson). She started freelancing for Everyday Health in 2016.
Becky Upham has worked throughout the health and wellness world for over 25 years. She's been a race director, a team recruiter for the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, a salesperson for a major pharmaceutical company, a blogger for Moogfest, a communications manager for Mission Health, a fitness instructor, and a health coach.
Upham majored in English at the University of North Carolina and has a master's in English writing from Hollins University.
Upham enjoys teaching cycling classes, running, reading fiction, and making playlists.
